What is Autism? The syndrome of autism is a severely incapacitating and life-long disability. It is best described as a neurological dysfunction. However, the exact nature or type of dysfunction has not yet been determined. Although autism was originally thought to be a rare disorder, more recent studies have estimated the prevalence of autism and related disorders to be as high as 1 in 150 (CDC, 2007). Autism tends to be three-to-four times more common in boys than girls. Currently, there is no definitive medical test, such as a blood test, to identify autism. Individuals diagnosed with autism tend to be diverse. If a person were to walk into a room full of individuals with autism, they would likely be struck more by the differences than the similarities. However, all individuals with autism share common behavioural characteristics, and it is on this basis that a diagnosis is made. At present, physicians, psychiatrists and psychologists rely on the behavioural criteria outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual - Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) when diagnosing autism. Indications of Autism Generally, individuals with autism display the following: • impaired ability to engage in social interaction; • impaired communication skills; and • specific behavioural patterns (e.g., preoccupation, resistance to change, adherence to nonfunctional routines and stereotyped and repetitive behaviours). In addition, there are a number of other characteristics associated with autism. However, these characteristics do not have to be present for the diagnosis to be made. These include: • short attention span / impulsivity; • self-injurious behaviours; • odd responses to sensory input; • abnormalities of mood; • an uneven profile of skill development; • abnormalities in eating, drinking or sleeping; • unusual fears or anxieties; and • the presence of special abilities. Autism may be accompanied by other handicapping conditions, such as seizures or significant cognitive (intellectual) delays. Most individuals with autism have no physical disabilities and appear "normal". It is important to note that the symptoms displayed by an individual with autism can change as the individual matures and/or receives treatment. Autism is a Pervasive Developmental Disorder. Other Pervasive Developmental Disorders include: Asperger's Disorder, Rett's Disorder, Childhood Disintegrative Disorder, and Pervasive Development Disorder (not otherwise specified). There is no known cure for autism. Although claims regarding "cures" have been made, they have not been substantiated. Research indicates that the most successful method for treating and educating individuals with autism involves structured and intensive behavioural interventions. Through effective intervention, individuals with autism can be assisted to fulfill their unique potential and lead happier and more productive lives.